Unit I: Electrostatics (Periods 25)
Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law – force between two point charges,
forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric
field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely
long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical
shell (field inside and outside).
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and
system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point
charges and of electric dipoles in an electrostatic field.
39
Syllabus
for
Secondary
and
Higher
Secondary
Levels
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics
and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in
parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the
plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.
Unit II: Current Electricity (Periods 22)
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and
their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and
non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity. Carbon resistors,
colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature
dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in
series and in parallel.
Kirchhoff ’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.
Potentiometer – principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing
emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.
Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism (Periods 25)
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment.
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids.
Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two
parallel current-carrying conductors – definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current
loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer – its current sensitivity and conversion to
ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment
of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its
axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform
magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field
and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets
and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.
Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents (Periods 20)
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents.
Self and mutual inductance.
Need for displacement current.
Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current /voltage; reactance and
impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in
AC circuits, wattless current.
AC generator and transformer.
Syllabus
for
Secondary
and
Higher
Secondary
Levels
40
Unit V: Electromagnetic Waves (Periods 4)
Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of
electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays,
gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.
Unit VI: Optics (Periods 30)
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection
and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lensmaker’s
formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction
and dispersion of light through a prism.
Scattering of light – blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise
and sunset.
Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects
(myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia and astigmatism) using lenses. Microscopes and astronomical
telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane
surface using wavefronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle.
Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources
and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.
Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarised light;
Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation (Periods 8)
Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation – particle
nature of light.
Matter waves – wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment.
Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei (Periods 18)
Alpha - particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels,
hydrogen spectrum.
Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivity –
alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy
relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear
fission and fusion.
Unit IX: Electronic Devices (Periods 18)
Semiconductors; semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as
a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as
41
Syllabus
for
Secondary
and
Higher
Secondary
Levels
a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as
an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND
and NOR). Transistor as a switch.
Unit X: Communication Systems (Periods 10)
Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV
and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in
the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Production and detection
of an amplitude-modulated wave.
Practicals
Section A
Experiments
1. To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential difference
versus current.
2. To find resistance of a given wire using metre bridge and hence determine the specific
resistance of its material.
3. To verify the laws of combination (series/parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.
4. To compare the emf ’s of two given primary cells using potentiometer.
5. To determine the internal resistance of given primary cell using potentiometer.
6. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure
of merit.
7. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance of figure of merit) into an ammeter
and voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same.
8. To find the frequency of the ac mains with a sonometer.
Activities
1. To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core.
2. To measure resistance, voltage (ac/dc), current (ac) and check continuity of a given circuit
using multimeter.
3. To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and
a power source.
4. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
5. To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
6. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat,
key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order
and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
Syllabus
for
Secondary
and
Higher
Secondary
Levels
42
Section B
Experiments
1. To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the
focal length.
2. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/
u and 1/v.
3. To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.
4. To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.
5. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between
the angle of incidence and the angle of deviation.
6. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
7. To find refractive index of a liquid by using (i) concave mirror,(ii) convex lens and plane
mirror.
8. To draw the I-V characteristics curves of a p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias.
9. To draw the characteristics curve of a zener diode and to determine its reverse break
down voltage.
10. To study the characteristics of a common-emitter npn or pnp transistor and to find out the
values of current and voltage gains.
Activities
1. To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR.
2. To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, and IC, a resistor and a capacitor from mixed
collection of such items.
3. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of transistor, (ii) distinguish between npn and pnp
type transistors, (iii) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED,
(iv) check whether a given electronic component (e.g. diode, transistor or IC) is in working
order.
4. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.
5. To observe polarization of light using two polaroids.
6. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
7. To study the nature and size of the image formed by (i) convex lens (ii) concave mirror, on a
screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens/mirror).
8. To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the
given set of lenses.
Suggested Investigatory Projects
1. To investigate whether the energy of a simple pendulum is conserved.
2. To determine the radius of gyration about the centre of mass of a metre scale used as a
bar pendulum.
43
Syllabus
for
Secondary
and
Higher
Secondary
Levels
3. To investigate changes in the velocity of a body under the action of a constant force and
determine its acceleration.
4. To compare effectiveness of different materials as insulators of heat.
5. To determine the wavelength of laser beam by diffraction.
6. To study various factors on which the internal resistance/emf of a cell depends.
7. To construct a time-switch and study dependence of its time constant on various factors.
8. To study infrared radiations emitted by different sources using photo-transistor.
9. To compare effectiveness of different materials as absorbers of sound.
10. To design an automatic traffic signal system using suitable combination of logic gates.
11. To study luminosity of various electric lamps of different powers and make.
12. To compare the Young’s modulus of elasticity of different specimens of rubber and also
draw their elastic hysteresis curve.
13. To study collision of two balls in two dimensions.
14. To study frequency response of (i) a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor, (ii) RL circuit,
(iii) RC circuit, (iv) LCR series circuit.SYLLABUS shall be published shortly
Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law – force between two point charges,
forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric
field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely
long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical
shell (field inside and outside).
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and
system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point
charges and of electric dipoles in an electrostatic field.
39
Syllabus
for
Secondary
and
Higher
Secondary
Levels
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics
and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in
parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the
plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.
Unit II: Current Electricity (Periods 22)
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and
their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and
non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity. Carbon resistors,
colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature
dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in
series and in parallel.
Kirchhoff ’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.
Potentiometer – principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing
emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.
Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism (Periods 25)
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment.
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids.
Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two
parallel current-carrying conductors – definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current
loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer – its current sensitivity and conversion to
ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment
of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its
axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform
magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field
and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets
and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.
Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents (Periods 20)
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents.
Self and mutual inductance.
Need for displacement current.
Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current /voltage; reactance and
impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in
AC circuits, wattless current.
AC generator and transformer.
Syllabus
for
Secondary
and
Higher
Secondary
Levels
40
Unit V: Electromagnetic Waves (Periods 4)
Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of
electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays,
gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.
Unit VI: Optics (Periods 30)
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection
and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lensmaker’s
formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction
and dispersion of light through a prism.
Scattering of light – blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise
and sunset.
Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects
(myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia and astigmatism) using lenses. Microscopes and astronomical
telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane
surface using wavefronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle.
Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources
and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.
Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarised light;
Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation (Periods 8)
Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation – particle
nature of light.
Matter waves – wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment.
Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei (Periods 18)
Alpha - particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels,
hydrogen spectrum.
Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivity –
alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy
relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear
fission and fusion.
Unit IX: Electronic Devices (Periods 18)
Semiconductors; semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as
a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as
41
Syllabus
for
Secondary
and
Higher
Secondary
Levels
a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as
an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND
and NOR). Transistor as a switch.
Unit X: Communication Systems (Periods 10)
Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV
and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in
the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Production and detection
of an amplitude-modulated wave.
Practicals
Section A
Experiments
1. To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential difference
versus current.
2. To find resistance of a given wire using metre bridge and hence determine the specific
resistance of its material.
3. To verify the laws of combination (series/parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.
4. To compare the emf ’s of two given primary cells using potentiometer.
5. To determine the internal resistance of given primary cell using potentiometer.
6. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure
of merit.
7. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance of figure of merit) into an ammeter
and voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same.
8. To find the frequency of the ac mains with a sonometer.
Activities
1. To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core.
2. To measure resistance, voltage (ac/dc), current (ac) and check continuity of a given circuit
using multimeter.
3. To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and
a power source.
4. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
5. To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
6. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat,
key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order
and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
Syllabus
for
Secondary
and
Higher
Secondary
Levels
42
Section B
Experiments
1. To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the
focal length.
2. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/
u and 1/v.
3. To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.
4. To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.
5. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between
the angle of incidence and the angle of deviation.
6. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
7. To find refractive index of a liquid by using (i) concave mirror,(ii) convex lens and plane
mirror.
8. To draw the I-V characteristics curves of a p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias.
9. To draw the characteristics curve of a zener diode and to determine its reverse break
down voltage.
10. To study the characteristics of a common-emitter npn or pnp transistor and to find out the
values of current and voltage gains.
Activities
1. To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR.
2. To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, and IC, a resistor and a capacitor from mixed
collection of such items.
3. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of transistor, (ii) distinguish between npn and pnp
type transistors, (iii) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED,
(iv) check whether a given electronic component (e.g. diode, transistor or IC) is in working
order.
4. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.
5. To observe polarization of light using two polaroids.
6. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
7. To study the nature and size of the image formed by (i) convex lens (ii) concave mirror, on a
screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens/mirror).
8. To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the
given set of lenses.
Suggested Investigatory Projects
1. To investigate whether the energy of a simple pendulum is conserved.
2. To determine the radius of gyration about the centre of mass of a metre scale used as a
bar pendulum.
43
Syllabus
for
Secondary
and
Higher
Secondary
Levels
3. To investigate changes in the velocity of a body under the action of a constant force and
determine its acceleration.
4. To compare effectiveness of different materials as insulators of heat.
5. To determine the wavelength of laser beam by diffraction.
6. To study various factors on which the internal resistance/emf of a cell depends.
7. To construct a time-switch and study dependence of its time constant on various factors.
8. To study infrared radiations emitted by different sources using photo-transistor.
9. To compare effectiveness of different materials as absorbers of sound.
10. To design an automatic traffic signal system using suitable combination of logic gates.
11. To study luminosity of various electric lamps of different powers and make.
12. To compare the Young’s modulus of elasticity of different specimens of rubber and also
draw their elastic hysteresis curve.
13. To study collision of two balls in two dimensions.
14. To study frequency response of (i) a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor, (ii) RL circuit,
(iii) RC circuit, (iv) LCR series circuit.SYLLABUS shall be published shortly
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